Detailed Description
From previous NPOPM web page:
“Yubileiny” next generation small satellite
The «ISS-Reshetnev Company» (the former NPO PM) has created a new small satellite «Yubileiny» to date the 50th anniversary of the launch of the first Russian (URSS) artificial earth satellite. Among other missions the satellite will solve a wide range of educational, research and technological tasks.
Background
In December 2004, the Russian Federal Space Agency (FSA), Space Forces of Ministry of Defense and Army, Air Force and Navy assistance society (AAN AS) came to the decision to create a jubilee radio amateur satellite and launch it in 2007 as to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the space era. The aerospace vehicle laboratory (Russia, Kaluga) was entrusted with creation of the satellite.
In order to provide the satellite project interface control there was established a public committee comprising representatives from FSA, Space Forces, AAN AS, strategic rocket forces, Russian science academy, Moscow Aviation University, Russian space and space forces veteran associations.
At first NPO PM took no part in the project but later, in 2007 the Committee Chairman addressed to NPO PM general designer and general director Nickolay Testoedov asking for NPO PM assistance in developing and creating the satellite’s attitude control system and solar arrays and provide the launcher adaptation.
NPO PM agreed and in May 2007 its representatives - the project manager Sergey Galochkin and the engineering manager Andrey Yakovlev visited the aerospace vehicle laboratory in Kaluga, and Khrunichev State Cosmic Research and Production Center in order to study the satellite technical basis and to review the issues related to its further development and launch. By that time the aerospace vehicle laboratory had created the DOKA (onboard control equipment) and developed the spacecraft layout design.
During their visit to Khrunichev State Cosmic Research and Production Center the representatives of both companies reached an agreement to launch the «Yubileiny» satellite with other spacecraft built for the Russian Ministry of Defense.
In July 2007, the administrative board of FSA and Space Forces approved the terms within which the «Yubileiny» should undergo final operations and be launched. Reshetnev NPO PM was entrusted with the spacecraft designing, building and testing activities.
The satellite was created on a tight almost unprecedented schedule. Spacecraft design efforts began in July 2007. In August, the design documentation was completed and the manufacture started. At the same time they constructed a full-scale model of the satellite to examine its vibration strength and the rocket separation reliability, and the satellite mass simulator was provided as well. According to the schedule the satellite was built by October and next month was undergoing electric tests. In six months the satellite was ready for transportation to the spaceport.
The financial issue of the project was not «traditional» yet. Since the satellite had to be created on a voluntary basis it had no special funds. Thus, the satellite was developed, built and would be launched at the expenses of the companies-co-contractors of the project. Being a head company of the Corporation, NPO PM took responsibility for every stage of work from releasing the design documentation up to spacecraft tests. While creating «Yubileiny» the company’s specialists developed and built a multifunction unpressurized platform, which would be the baseline one for the future 30-100 kg satellites developed by NPO-PM.
Russian space companies and organizations contributed a lot to creation of the «Ybileiny» spacecraft. In particular, the NPP Geofizika-Cosmos company created the satellite’s Sun and Earth sensors, the Saturn Company developed and built solar arrays, Lavochkin NPO provided gallium arsenide cells, the Ramensk instrument building company created a small magnetometer MA-6. The Siberian State Aerospace University (SSAU) research workers and students developed RADEK - devices covered with recently developed nanocoatings to protect the spacecraft electronic components against radiation impact.
Merging of scientific, educational and manufacturing issues favoured to creation of a state-of-art multifunction and structurally complicated satellite though at first it was planned as an analogue of the first artificial earth satellite with only 10 kg mass and low power capacity.
Satellite mission and structure
The satellite «Yubileiny» is dedicated to educational, scientific research and experimental missions. First, the satellite launch will help to fulfill the Information Program foreseeing solutions of the major tasks of space exploration (voice messages, SSTV slides, signal imitation of the first artificial earth satellite); secondly it will help to establish conditions under which the Russian universities could study the data transmitted by the small satellite; and thirdly, it’ll help to carry out science-and-technologic experiments:
Prospective Sun and earth sensors flight proficiency;
Receiving data related to the Earth’s planetary emission within infrared wavelength band;
Researches of spatiotemporal emissions of the Earth atmosphere day and night radiation within visible spectral range;
Testing the estimation methods of the satellite attitude control concerning the data provided by the experimental solar sensors and small magnetometer MA-6;
Proving efficiency of the nano-coatings developed by the SSAU to protect the spacecraft electronic components against radiation;
Providing flight qualification for a prospective multifunction unpressurized platform intended for the 30-100 kg satellites;
Testing the piggy-back injection (3 in a cluster) technology using the «Rokot» launcher.
Structurally the satellite represents an unpressurized instrument module formed by a hexagonal frame with attached solar arrays and three lateral webs: top, bottom and central ones.
The onboard equipment is installed inside the instrument module as well on the outer surface of the top panels.
The top panel of the satellite that faces the Earth during the satellite operation is equipped with attitude control system devices, in particular, magnetometer and diagonal balancer booms, receiving and transmitting antennas and research equipment including three Earth sensors to receive data on the Earth’s planetary emission within infrared wavelength and spatiotemporal researches of the Earth atmosphere day and night radiation within visible spectral range.
The spacecraft central panel carries the DOKA-B equipment comprising the onboard computer; receiving equipment operating in 145 MHz band; transmitting equipment operating in 435 MHz band as well as the onboard radio navigation equipment.
The spacecraft bottom panel is equipped with magnetic and gravity attitude control system ensuring the satellite X-axis orientation towards the Earth in a nominal operation mode, navigation equipment antenna, experimental Sun sensors and the RADEK equipment, which is to prove efficiency of the nano-coatings developed by the SSAU to protect the spacecraft electronic components against the radiation impacts.
Solar arrays panels installed on the satellite’s frame are made of the three-junction gallium arsenide cells. The solar arrays will supply power to the onboard equipment when in the illuminated orbits. The frame design allows the required size of the solar array effective area with the satellite being in different positions relative to the Sun. During the orbital eclipse periods the equipment is powered with the nickel metal hydride battery. The EPS battery is not an individual element. Its components are incorporated into the command and power unit where all power supply automatics is installed, these are the DOKA-B equipment components.
The peculiarity of the «Yubileiny» lies in its passive thermal control subsystem: the necessary temperature is provided by the uncontrolled ratio of optical coefficients characteristic for the surfaces of spacecraft structural elements, MLI, electric heaters and heat pipes that ensure the thermal mode for the DOKA-B equipment.
The DOKA-B software ensures electric heaters control which is as follows: if the temperature sensors indicate temperature fall till 0°C then the electric heaters are switched on, if the temperature rises up to 5°C, the electric heaters are switched off. The flight software estimates an average temperature according to data of the three temperature sensors. The electric heaters are controlled considering the average temperature.
Spacecraft nominal operation mode
The satellite «Yubileiny» is injected in a cluster with satellites developed for the Russian Ministry of Defense. In 30 seconds after the satellite separation from the ascent unit the initial preparation mode is switched on. Above all, the DOKA-B powers the pyro cartridge to deploy the145.8 MHz antennas, makes the receivers ready to get the ground control commands, and supplies power to the magnetometer coil. Then the attitude determination and control system undergoes damping and magnetic orientation. In total, it takes no more than 4 days to accomplish all operations.
After conformation of the stable magnetic orientation mode within the radio visibility range the Satellite Control Center sends the commands «current coil off», «HDM release» and «moving out» the diagonal booms.
The gravity boom is passively moved out, the diagonal booms are deployed and the spacecraft comes into 3-axes gravity orientation mode.
It takes 1 day to damp the satellite till it reaches the stable gravity orientation after moving out the gravity boom.
After checking the satellite systems, the data related to the first artificial satellite launch is downloaded. The transmission lasts for 4 minutes. Within this time the following data is downloaded: a call signal and TM-data (10 seconds); a voice message (1 minute); a pause (50 seconds the first artificial satellite imitated signals (10 seconds); an image (1 minute); a pause again (50 seconds).
The onboard spacecraft data is transmitted via a radio channel in the 435 MHz international frequency band of experimental and radioamateur communications, in cyclic mode, in narrow-band FSK mode.
Voice messages and images can be received in any place of the Earth when the satellite floats above within the radio visibility ranges. Any standard radio equipment can receive the signal in this frequency band requiring no additional technical means.
The onboard navigation equipment is switched on once a day for 10 minutes to determine, without the ground support, the parameters of the spacecraft motion along the near earth orbit. The onboard equipment meant for the satellite-based navigation can use the signals of GLONASS and NAVSTAR (GPS) systems in any combination.
Launching the spacecraft into low circular orbit was implemented in normal mode. The Commander of Space Forces Vladimir Popovkin and the General Designer and General Director of the JSC “ISS” Nickolay Testoyedov were at the launching.
The “Yubileiny” small spacecraft was developed by the JSC “Academician M.F. Reshetnev” Information Satellite Systems” in cooperation with the Aerospace Vehicle Laboratory (Russia, Kaluga), RPE “Geofizika - Cosmos” (Moscow), the JSC “Saturn” (Krasnodar), Lavochkin NPO (Moscow), the Ramensk Instrument Building company (Ramensk), Khrunichev State Cosmic Research and Production Center (Moscow), and Siberian State Aerospace University (Krasnoyarsk). The motive for development of the “Yubileiny” small spacecraft was the 50th anniversary of the first space satellite. With the help of that satellite the new space systems and equipment are expected to get flight qualification, and radio-amateurs all over the world will be able to receive information on the history of space development and domestic cosmonautics achievements.
Aerospace Vehicle Laboratory SCC implements the satellite control. The similar Satellite Control Center is established in the Siberian State Aerospace University. The students and research engineers can receive and analyze the telemetry in cooperation with the specialists of the JSC “ISS”.
Development of “Yubileiny” small spacecraft with the mass of 45 kg signalizes the reactivation of Reshetnev’s company in the field of designing and manufacturing small satellites. Besides, “Yubileiny” is the first satellite developed on basis of non-hermetic platform. The launching is significant for the company because the satellite, manufactured at the enterprise, was injected into orbit by “Rokot” launch vehicle. So, the launching technology of that class satellite was tested.
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